Renewable energy sources are gaining increasing significance in the global pursuit of sustainable development. Among these, biodiesel stands out as a promising alternative to conventional fossil fuels. Biodiesel is typically produced from vegetable oils through a process known as transesterification, which yields fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). Th

UHMWPE, renowned for its exceptional durability, has emerged as a driving force in the field of medical applications. Its remarkable biocompatibility and minimal friction coefficient contribute to UHMWPE an ideal candidate for a wide range of implants, prosthetics, and orthopedic devices. Moreover, its resistance to wear and tear guarantees long-

Sputtering is a prominent technique utilized in the fabrication of advanced thin films. Titanium (Ti) sputtering, specifically, has emerged as a favorable method due to its ability to deposit high-quality Ti thin films with controlled thickness and composition. The process involves bombarding a Ti target with energetic ions, liberating atoms that t